Myth of Global Warming Hoax Consensus Explodes
From the Daily Tech, a science magazine, btw.
The American Physical Society, an organization representing nearly 50,000 physicists, has reversed its stance on climate change and is now proclaiming that many of its members disbelieve in human-induced global warming. The APS is also sponsoring public debate on the validity of global warming science. The leadership of the society had previously called the evidence for global warming “incontrovertible.”
As the hoax begins to crumble, what will the anti-capitalists turn to next?
One unit is calling BS, only. Not the whole APS. Although the forum itself is nothing to sneeze at.
Wow, some members of the American Physics Society are Science deniers?
From http://www.aps.org/
APS Climate Change Statement
APS Position Remains Unchanged
The American Physical Society reaffirms the following position on climate change, adopted by its governing body, the APS Council, on November 18, 2007:
“Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth’s climate.”
An article at odds with this statement recently appeared in an online newsletter of the APS Forum on Physics and Society, one of 39 units of APS. The header of this newsletter carries the statement that “Opinions expressed are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the APS or of the Forum.” This newsletter is not a journal of the APS and it is not peer reviewed.
Whether it is one unit or two, or three who cares, people are starting to realize Global Warming is more of a religious movement than science. When Galileo proposed that most of the scholars were wrong about the Sun revolving around the Earth, he was almost killed and silenced. This myth was then perpetuated by the church who’s role was not unlike the media’s role today -scare and inform, but insure the emphasis is on scare and not inform.
Try arguing against global warming with an environmentalist and they start foaming at the mouth. A true scientist would say ‘OK, let me try and disprove your point’. Global temperatures are at a 10 year low, ice has returned to the Arctic and is growing in the Antartic and during the Earth’s warming trend of the last 100 years, other planets also experienced warming, but unless there are SUV driving aliens on Mars or Jupiter, I would say it has something to do with the sun. Oh, and the fact that manmade CO2 is 3% of total CO2 contribution to the atmosphere and CO2 is responsible for 10% of the greenhouse effect at best = manmade contribution to greenhouse gasses are about .3%
Calling all you environmentalists, let the name calling and angry insults begin.
contents of my booklet “GLOBAL WARMING IS A MYTH
1.the cooling earth-the earth is continuosly radiating heat into outer space as it is hotter than outer space.
2.is carbon dioxide the villain ?-the percentage of co2 is only 0.035-i have explained why this cannot go up.wild fires can produce more co2 than industry.
3.role of gravity and hydrology-gravity causes pressure which produces heat .as we go deeper the temperature rises.have you not gone into the grand canyon? this geo-thermal energy is transferred from the inside by water molecules travelling from the ocean bottom to the interior,collect heat,become vapour which under high pressure ,travels up as hot springs, under-water volcanoes etc.
the ice caps and the ice sheets in polar regions prevent heat from escaping into outer space.
4.when we look back- quotation from PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY BY Rev.THOMAS MILNER -showing historical background .extremely hot summers when people working in fields died and rivers and spring dried up in europe were quite frequent.
after writing the book i have collected temperature data comparing old times and current period which clearly prove that global warming is a myth.contact me for the elecronnic edition of the booklet and temp.data
e.mail:waterfriend_kks@yahoo.com
Statement No. 1
MEAN TEMPERTURE FOR THE YEARS 1951 TO 1980
Station Max Rounded off Minimum Rounded off Temperature of 2007
Max Minimum
Bhuj 44 44 3.8 4 43 9
Veraval 40.5 41 9.1 9 43 11
Bhavnagar 43.5 44 7.7 8 43 12
Surat 43.3 43 9.7 10 43 12
Mumbai 30.9 31 15.4 15 36 18
Panjim 36.4 36 16.4 16 36 18
Karwar 36.2 36 14.7 15 37 17
Honavar 36.1 36 16.9 17 35 15
Mangalore 35.7 36 18.9 19 37 18
Kohzikode 34.6 35 18.7 19 36 21
Kochi 34.4 34 18.9 19 35 20
Alapuzha 35.2 35 19.7 20 35 19
Thiruvananthapuram 35 35 19.8 20 38 20
Kakinada 43.8 44 15.8 16 44 16
Chennai 41.3 41 17.3 17 43 18
Port Blair 34.3 34 17.6 18 34 16
Mini coi 33 33 19.3 19 35 20
Vizagapatnam 41.8 42 13.8 14 41 15
Kolkata 41.4 41 9.6 10 38 11
Inland stations
Srinagar 35.7 36 -7.2 -7 35 -7
Bhubaneswar 43.7 44 10.9 11 41 13
Gaya 45.5 46 4.3 4 45 5
Ajmer 43.2 43 2.1 2 43 6
Pune 41.6 42 6.3 6 42 10
Hyderabad 41.8 42 9.3 9 43 12
Bangalore 36.2 36 11.5 12 36 11
Agartala 38.4 38 5.6 6 36 7
Allahabad 46.1 46 3.8 4 45 3
Kota 45.2 45 5.9 6 45 8
Madurai 40.6 41 17.3 17 41 16
Coimbatore 38 38 15.4 15 38 15
Kolhapur 40.8 41 10.8 11 41 11
Udaipur 42.5 43 1.9 2 43 5
Nagpur 45.6 46 7.1 7 45 10
The mean temperature has been shown correct to one decimal point in the record whereas figures for 2007 are shown in round figures .So I have rounded off the mean temp. figures too for proper comparison.
Statement 2
Station Mean temp. in degree Fahreheit 200 years ago Temp 2007
Cairo 72.3 71.4
Algiers 69.8 66
Rome 60.4 61.2
Milan 55.8 56.3
Cincinnati 53.6 52.55
Philadelphia 53.45 54.5
New york 53.8 53.9
Beijing 54.7 51.3
London 51.8 54.2
Paris 51.1 51
Geneva 49.3 53.1
Dublin 48.6 49
Edinburgh 47.8 48.9
Copenhagen 54.7 48.2 ( ? 42)
Stockholm 42.3 47.3(?)
Quebec 41.9 38.65
Petersburg 38.8 37.1
+Bordeau(winter) 42.1 39.2
+Bordeau (summer) 70.9 69.8
Paris (winter) 38.7 (?)57.6
Paris(summer) 65.3 69.6
Vienna (winter) 38.7 34.5
Vienna (summer) 71.6 71.1
Statement 3
Latitude and mean temperature
Latitude Mean temp. - 200 Years ago Name of station Max Min Mean Temp now
0 29 Nairobi 25.6 11.5 18.5
6 28.78 Accra 32.7 23.4 28.5
6 28.78 Galle 30.6 22.8 26.7
6 28.78 Porto 25 5.1 15.05
10 28.13 Kochi 35 20 27.5
11 27.94 Kozhikode 36 21 28.5
12 27.75 Port Blair 34 16 25
12 27.75 Lima 26.5 14.6 20.5
13 27.53 Chennai 43 18 30.5
15 27.06 Karwar 37 17 27
16 27.06 Panaji 36 18 27
17 26.52 Kakinada 44 16 30
18 26.23 Vishakhapatnam 41 15 28
19 25.93 Bombay 36 18 27
19 25 Pune 42 10 26
21 25.98 Veraval 43 11 27
23 24.57 Kolkatha 38 11 24.5
28 22.61 Brisbane Bayside 29 9 19
35 19.46 Buenos Aires 30.4 7.4 18.9
36 18.98 Chongqug 32.8 5.6 19.2
57 8.6 Daurgarpils (Latvia) 22.5 -9.7 6.4
60 7.25 Oslo 21.5 -6.8 7.35
47 13.49 Quebec 25 -17.6 3.7
56 9.07 Grand praire Alberta 22.1 -20.5 0.8
ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE DATA
Figures speak the truth. The temperature data comparing previous periods with the current period in respect of Indian and foreign cities are available in the statements enclosed. Statement-1 shows temperature of Indian cities (both coastal and inland).
These have been collected from the metrological department library at Mausam Bhawan.
You will see that in the cities mentioned below, the temperature has remained stable during the last 50 years.
Bhuj, Bhawnagar, Surat, Punjim, Honavar, Alapuzha, Kakinada, Port Blair, Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata (temperature has actually decreased by 3 degrees), Bhubneswar (decreased by 3 degrees), Ajmer, Pune, Bangalore, Agartala, Alhabad, Kota, Madurai, Koimbature, Kolhapur, Udaipur, Nagpur.
The increase in temperature by 5 degrees in Mumbai is glaring, especially when we see the temperature in Surat remaining stable. In other words, for Mumbai the reasons my be local and not global. This requires investigation. My guess is that the huge increase in concrete buildings in Mumbai has contributed to the increase in temperature.
So far, I have been speaking about the maximum temperature. A scrutiny of the minimum temperatures reveals a certain trend of distinct increase.
Bhuj, Bhavnagar, Mumbai, Ajmer, Pune, Hyderabad, Udaipur and Kanpur show increase in minimum temperature by 3 degree. If you total the minimum temperatures of all the cities, then and now, there is an increase of 20degrees in respect of 15 inland stations whereas the maximum temperature in respect of the same stations show a decrease of 8 degrees. It should be remembered that the minimum temperature are recorded during winter months (December, January) when the sun is far away in the Southern hemisphere and this cannot be assigned to the heat radiated from the sun. Mr. Milner has also written about the winter becoming milder over a period of time. In my younger days, I use to find it difficult to take bath in cold water in winter in Delhi. Now, excepting some days of severe cold mostly caused by heavy snowfall in the Himalayas, the water is not so cold. The obvious inference is that this is actually global refreezing caused by geothermal energy.
Statement 2 shows temperature variation over a wider period of 200 years. The figures for the previous period have been taken from Milner’s book which was published in 1853. As these figures are in Fahrenheit scale, current figures too are shown in the same scale. The figures in respect of the following stations indicate stability.
Cairo, Algiers, Cincinnati, New York, Beijing (decrease of 3 degree), Paris Dublin, Copenhagen (decrease of 6 degree), Quebec, Petersburg, Bordeaux, Vienna (decrease of 4 degrees) – 12 out of 20 cities. London, Geneva and Paris show exceptional increase. However, it should be remembered that the increase is over a period of 200 years.
A word of caution: the current data have been extracted from the website “World Weather Information Service” and so the authenticity has to be verified independently.
A very reliable and scientific for evaluation of the temperature of the globe is latitude wise mean temperatures. Milner’s book shows 29 degree centigrade at equator gradually and linearly decreasing to zero degree centigrade at the poles. I am unable to get corresponding figures for the current period. However, I could see from the website that figures remain almost constant even though the figures for the polar region are now shows as approaching minus 20 degree centigrade. This may be due to better technology being employed by scientific team exploring the polar regions. I have calculated the value of current mean temperatures in respect of a few stations, comparing this value with that shown in Milner’s book. These are given in statement 3.
MELTING OF POLAR ICECAP
The density of water at zero degrees centigrade is 0.9999 grams per cm. The density of ice at zero degree centigrade is 0.9150. In other words, 1 cc of ice weights only 0.91 gm and hence will displace only 0.915cc of water, when the ice is floating in water. When the ice float, almost the whole of body sinks below the surface of water, expect a small portion projecting above the surface. In the North Pole area, there is no land. The crust of the earth forms a huge bowl filled with seawater and a huge mass of ice floating in it just like an ice cube placed in a blow of water. The volume of ice submerged below the ice may be almost 9 times more than the icecap which we observe above the surface of water. The molecule covering the underwater portion of the icecap absorb heat from the sea water in which it floats and melt into water. This is a continuous process happening round the clock, allover the year, irrespective of summer or winter. As I have explained in my booklet, the necessary energy is supplied by the earth itself. The role of the Sun which shines only for a limited period is too insignificant to have any impact on this process. As the density of water is more than that of ice, the volume of water generated by the melting of ice is less than that of water originally occupied by the ice block in the ratio 9999:9150. Therefore the sea level will actually will come down because of the melting process. In practice, this may not happen because of the continues deposition of show in the polor region which will continuously push down the ice cap.
A lot has been talked about the rising of sea level because of Global warning. This is a misconception. In some places, the sea level goes up and in other places, it recedes. This phenomenon has been extensively discussed in Milner’s geography.
My contention can be tested by a simple experiment. Place ice cubes in a tumbler and fill it with water until the water overflows. Leave it until all the ice melts. What for any overflow of water during this process.
I quot from Milner-page-513
Excessive summers
In 763 the summer was so hot that the springs dried up.
In 870 the heat was so intense ,that near Worms the reapers dropped dead in the fields.
In 993 and again in 994,it was so hot that the corn and fruits were burnt up.
The year 1000 was so hot and dry ,that, in Germany ,the pools of water disappeared ,and
the fish ,being left in the mud ,bred pestilence.
In 1022 the heat was so excessive ,that both men and cattle were struck dead.
In 1130 the earth yawned with drought. Springs and rivers disappeared ,and even the
Rhine was dried up in Alsace.
In 1159 not a drop of rain fell in Italy after the month of May.
The year 1171 was extremely hot in Germany.
In 1232 the heat was so great ,especially in Germany, that it is said that eggs were roasted in the sands.
In 1260 ,many of the Hungarian soldiers died of excessive heat at the famous battle fought near Buda.
The consecutive years of 1276 and 1277 were so hot and dry as to occasion a great scarcity of fodder.
The years 1293 and 1294 were extremely hot ;and so were likewise 1303 and 1304,
both the Rhine and the Danube having dried up
In 1333 the corn fields and vineyards were burnt up.
The years 1393 and 1394 were excessively hot and dry.
In 1447 the summer was extremely hot.
In the successive years 1473 and 1474 the whole earth seemed on fire.In Hungary ,
a person might wade across the Danube
The four consecutive years 1538, 1539 ,1540 ,and 1541 were excessively hot ;and
the rivers dried up.
In1556 the drought was so great that the springs failed. In England wheat rose from
8 shillings to 53 shillings a quarter.
The years 1615 and 1616 were very dry all over Europe.
In 1646 it was excessively hot.
In1652 the warmth was very great, the summer being the driest ever known in Scotland. A total eclipse had happened that year, on Monday the 24th of March,which hence received the appellation of ‘Mirk Monday.’
The summer of 1679 was extremely hot.It is related ,that one of the minions tyranny ,who
in that calamitous period ,harassed the poor Presbyterians in Scotland with captious questions, having asked a shepherd in Fife ,whether the killing of a notorious Sharp,
Archbishop of St.Andrews,which had happened in May,was murder; he replied , that he could not tell ,but there had been fine weather ever since.
The year 1700 was excessively warm, and the two following years were of the same description.
In 1718 the weather was extremely hot and dry all over Europe.The air felt so oppressive
That all the theatres were shut in Paris.Scarcely any rain fell for the space of nine months
and the springs and rivers were dried up. The following year was equally hot. The thermometer at Paris rose to 98 degree Fahrenheit.The grass and corn were quite parched.
In some places the fruit trees blossomed two and three times.
Both the years 1723 and 1724 were dry and hot.
The year 1745 was remarkably warm and dry; but the following year was still hotter insomuch that the grass withered, and the leaves dropped from the trees .Neither rain nor dew fell for several months ; and ,on the continent, prayers were offered up in all the churches to implore the bounty of refreshing showers.
In 1748 the summer was again very warm.
In 1754 it was likewise extremely warm.
The years 1760 and 1761 were both of them remarkably hot, and so was the year 1763.
In 1774 it was excessively hot and dry.
Both the years 1778 and 1779 were warm and very dry.
The year 1788 was also very hot and dry ;and of the same character was 1811 ,famous for its excellent vintage, and distinguished by the appearance of a brilliant comet.
IS CARBON DI OXIDE THE VILLAIN?
Such terms as carbon credit find a place in newspapers almost daily. I don’t know what is all this about. To me CO2 sustains life on earth. Has the level of CO2 in the atmosphere gone up? Has it been proved experimentally?
Before Industrialization
The whole of America and most of the old world were inhabited by a comparatively small population, a majority of whom depended upon meat and fish. Farming depended entirely on rain water as big dams were unknown. The grasslands of America and Australia didn’t produce food grains. Coal and other fossil fuels were not commercially exploited. In those days we may presume that a proper balance existed between CO2 and other ingredients of the air like N2 and O2 in spite of forest fires, the like of which we witnessed in California recently.
After Industrialization
Commercial exploitation of coal began first followed by oil and natural gas, resulting in increase in the level of CO2 in the atmosphere. Simultaneously two other developments followed: increase in population (both human and animal) and corresponding growth in food grains production. Big dams were constructed and more and more areas of land were brought under cultivation. Mechanization and the use of artificial fertilizers made leaps and bounds in production of food grains, fruits and other commercial crops. The Prairies of North America became the granary of the world. Compared to grass, food grains and sugar fix a large quantity of CO2. The major items responsible for such CO2 fixation are:
1. food grains like wheat, corn, rice, oats, soya bean etc
2. underground vegetables like potato, tapioca, beetroot etc
3. fruits like apple, grapes, banana, dates, cherry, pineapple etc
4. sugarcane etc
Experts can calculate the total quantity of CO2 produced by industry and that absorbed by vegetation as mentioned above and the marine vegetation in order to find out whether the net balance is favoring CO2 concentration in the air. An easier way would be to experimentally ascertain the percentage of CO2 in the atmospheric air (being heavier than air CO2 is available near the surface of the earth). If CO2 level increases O2 level should decrease. In my childhood (I am 70+) O2 level was 20% as mentioned in my textbook. Has it changed? An atom of carbon combines with two atoms of oxygen to form CO2 which is absorbed by the leaves of the plant to form starch. In the process two atoms of oxygen are released into the atmosphere. We may say that each carbon atom burnt ultimately results in the release of two atoms of oxygen, thus resulting in increase in the level of O2. Level of CO2 dissolved in the ocean water should also be checked. If this level increases, fishes would die en mass. Has this happened? If the level of CO2 dissolved in ocean waters decreases, plant life in the ocean cannot produce enough starch by photosynthesis. This will be a hazard for fishes and other marine life.
The volume of animal and hence plant life in the oceans is much more than that on the continents. This is because the area of the oceans is seven times the area of the continents. Also, the oceans are deep. Hence the volume of water is very much more and can contain a large population of marine life. The necessary starch has to come from plant life. So, the total bio mass in the oceans is considerably higher than that in the continent. The carbon di oxide?Plant starch?Animals?Carbon di oxide cycle is there in the watery medium, just as in our atmosphere. All the gases, including nitrogen, will be present in dissolved state in the oceans too. Here industrialization has not affected the ‘atmosphere’ of the ocean. This fact has to be recognized in any discussion on Global Warming.
[The percentage of various components of atmospheric air as obtained from the websites is given below:
Nitrogen 78.1
Oxygen 20.9
Argon 0.9
Neon 0.002
Helium 0.0005
Krypton 0.0001
Hydrogen 0.00005
Carbon di oxide 0.035!!!!!!!! (Poor, innocent CO2 has been maligned unnecessarily)
Methane 0.0002
Ozone 0.000004
This would suggest that the percentage of oxygen has slightly increased. If this is true it augers ill, as forest fires may become uncontrollable with increase in the level of oxygen in the coming years. Therefore, this line should be investigated separately by experts. My guess is that with unchecked use of nitrogenous fertilizers, the total bio mass in the earth could have increased. The requisite extra nitrogen must have been drawn from the atmosphere along with CO2 releasing extra oxygen into the atmosphere as pointed out above.]
The importance of proper scientific study cannot be over emphasized. Mother Nature maintains her balance, whatever her children may do!
ROLE OF HYDROLOGY AND GRAVITY
Pure water doesn’t conduct electricity. Normal water too is a poor conductor of heat. Exchange of heat takes place almost entirely by convection. Molecules carrying heat travel within the system and spread heat uniformly.
Ice and snow being solid, molecules have no freedom of movement. Unlike a rod of iron, heat is not passed on from one end to the other if the rod is made of ice. This is the reason why the igloo (hutment made of ice blocks) retains warmth inside it even when the temperature outside falls much below the freezing point. A human being may remain alive for some days if he sleeps in the arctic region. The snow deposited on his body forms a blanket which will not allow the heat of the body to escape outside and also protects from the cold wind blowing from the Poles. Such cases have been reported. At the same time beggars sleeping outside in the cold season in north India die as reported in newspapers, as they lose their body heat easily in the absence of warm cloths.
This unique quality of frozen water plays a very important role in preventing heat of the earth from escaping into outer space by radiation. The Polar regions, and a considerable part of temperate regions in winter, remain covered with ice and snow. This is true of the mountainous regions and the plateaus of higher altitude also. In the seas the thermal insulation provided by the snow cover allows life to flourish throughout the year but prevents escape of heat and makes considerable contribution to global warming.
There is continuous evaporation of water from the seas (not covered by ice) and land. Each molecule of vapor carries considerable quantity of latent heat as additional calorie. When they rise in altitude, the molecules form clouds and then descend towards the earth as rain, snow, dew and mist. This circulation of water results in cyclic movement of heat. Only the latent heat released at the time of formation of clouds results in escape of heat by radiation. In areas where humidity is minimum the heat lost by radiation will be considerable. Ironically deserts help to ‘fight Global Warming’ and greenery works in the reverse direction!
If the earth were devoid of water, transfer of heat from the earth by radiation to outer space would have been easy and enormous in quantity as in the case of the Moon.
GRAVITY:
What is the source of geo-thermal energy?
A stack of lignite will catch fire if left in the open. Obviously this is because of the pressure developed inside, raising the temperature to ignition point of lignite which is comparatively low. Such rise in temperature takes place inside a stack of coal, iron ore, sand etc also. The pressure is caused by gravity of the earth which continuously pulls the stack down and the surface of the earth opposing this force, causing pressure. Therefore we may say that gravity generates heat. A hill is also a stack of great dimension. As the crust of the earth is not falling down due to gravity; it is obviously subjected to pressure caused by opposing forces of gravity and forces supporting the crust to remain in position. When the pressure at a point, say 10km inside the earth, is multiplied by the area of the globe at this point, we will get a mind boggling figure of the thrust, capable of generating heat, comparable to that produced by thousands of hydrogen bombs.
Well, this may be the source of geo thermal energy and not radiation as maintained by geologists. The above theory is borne out by the fact that as we go deeper into the earth the temperature rises. In depressions like the Grand Canyon in America and the Dead Sea it is very hot.
“Hence, omitting all reference to the active volcanoes, and to thermal springs at all temperatures below that of boiling water, found in all parts of the world, it is well-known fact, that in descending into deep mines the temperature is greatly above that of the mean of the exterior air, and increases progressively with the depth. This was first remarked by Gensanne, about the year 1740, in the lead mines of Giromagny, near Beport. Saussure afterwards observed the same fact in the salt mines at Bex, in Switzerland; but the attention of naturalists was not generally directed to the temperature of the lower strata, till Humboldt has executed an extensive and interesting series of experiments in the mines of Freyburg, in 1791. The best set of observations we possess on the temperature of deep places, is that which has been uninterruptedly continued for more than half a century in the caves under the observatory of Paris. In 1783 the Count de Cassini, in concert with Lavoisier, placed a very delicate thermometer in one of these excavations for the purpose of observing the curious phenomenon of an invariable temperature, which had been noticed to exist in the same place, by the first Cassini, in 1671, and by La Hire, in 1730. The thermometer is placed at the depth of rather more than thirty yards under the surface, in a bed of fine sand, and has indicated no change of temperature, or at least its oscillations have not exceeded the 1/33 of centesimal degree. The constant temperature exceeds at that depth, by 2.16 degree Fahrenheit’s scale, the mean tempreture at the surface: and supposing a uniform increase at the same rate, we would arrive at the temperature of boiling water at the depth of 2542 yards under the city of Paris. We may quote a few other results of observation. In the coal mines of the north of England the temperature is 70° at the depth of 800 or 900 feet, when the air at the surface is only 48° or 49°; and in the mines of Valenciana in Mexico, it is 92° when the surface-air is at 60°. The following are additional examples:-. In a copper mine at Dolcoath, in Cornwall, a thermometer was kept eighteen months buried in the rock to the depth of a yard. The depth of the mine was 1377 feet. The temperature indicated was 75.5°, while that of the country is 50°; and consequently the increase of heat there is at the rate of 1° for every 54 feet.
At Giromagny, in the Vosges, the annual temperature at the surface is 49°; at 330 feet depth it is 53.6°; at 1008 feet, 65.8°; at 1416 feet 74.6°. in four of the deepest mines of Saxony the annual tempreture at the surface is 46.4degree at from 510 to 600 feet depth it is 54.5 degree; at 840 feet, 58 degree; at 1080 feet, 62.6°.
In the deepest British coal mine, that of Killingworth, the annual temperature at the surface is 48°; at 900 feet depth it is 70°; at 1200 feet, 77°. A similar gradation is found in many of the deeper mines at home and abroad.
There is thus in the Vosges an increase of temperature in descent below the surface amounting to about 1° in every 60 feet; in Saxony 1° in every 66 feet; and in Britain 1 degreein every 45 feet. After the ratio observed in the Vosges, the tempreture of the hot springs at Bath, 113°, will be found at three-quarters of a mile in the interior of the earth, and that of boiling water at a depth of nearly two miles. “The facts strongly support three conclusions:- First, that the heat of an interior shell of the earth is greater than the superficial shell. Second, that this heat augments progressively as we descend towards this region, in a ratio bearing some relations to the depth. Third, that, even at moderate depth, this heat is greater than the mean heat of the globe ought to be, if entirely derived from the sun. The heat of such an interior mass must be constantly diffusing itself towards the surface; and at the surface it may be kept down, so as to affect the temperature derived from the solar action very feebly, by the greater or less rapidity of its dissipation. But as it is very improbable that it should be diffused with perfect equality round the whole exterior shell of the globe, it may be the true source of some of those anomalies of climate, such as the discrepancy in the annual heat under the same parallel, which cannot be easily referred to other known causes”. If the heat of the globe were entirely derived from the sun, Pekin, at an inconsiderable elevation above the sea, ought to have the same mean annual temperature as Naples, being under the same parallel of latitude; but instead of that being the case, the temperature falls short of that at Naples by nearly 9°. Other causes may contribute to produce this discrepancy; yet it is not unreasonable to suppose that the mean heat at Naples is raised by its proximity to a focus of internal heat which smokes and flashes through the chimney of Vesuvius”.
It is amazing that pioneers like Humboldt, Lavoisier etc had done path breaking observations regarding geo thermal energy and deserve all praise. Had this line of research continued, the conclusions now reached by me would have automatically been revealed much earlier. That the scientists, especially geologists, have not cared to study physical geography is a big loss. I have only filled up the spaces left void by the pioneers.
To conclude: global warming is caused by the earth itself and cooling is retarded by water – our father and mother. Shall we blame our parents or thank them for giving precious life enabling us a few year’s visit to this wonderful earth to enjoy it’s beauty and sublimity?
CLIMATE :
As discussed above generation of heat is a function of gravity, which in turn depends on mass. As long as the mass of the earth is constant, the quantity of geothermal energy produced is also constant. Initially, heat is transferred to the seas and, thence, to the atmospheric H2O and ultimately to the outer space when the latent heat is released on formation of water droplets which form clouds. Simultaneously, heat is being
radiated continuosly from the surface of the earth ,both land and sea, as the outer space is considerably cooler than the earth.
The heat generated by the earth is converted into kinetic energy in a big way when ocean currents are working round the clock The volume of water involved in this process is thousands of times more than that of all the rivers of the world.
Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes etc. also eat up considerable quantity of geothermal energy. Diffusion of water in the seas takes place continuously because of hot bottom and cool Polar regions. Part of the energy is also used up by cyclones, tornados etc. (the circumstances in which these are caused by hot steam emanating from the seas will be discussed in BUT-Volume III).
If the total quantity of geothermal energy is T, the energy converted into kinetic form is K and heat lost by radiation R,
T – K – R = the net increase or decrease in the warmth of the globe
From the table given below, it is clear that during the last 200 years there has not been any appreciable change in the warmth of the globe.
For a proper study of this subject, a distinction has to be made between the temperature of the earth and the temperature of the atmosphere. The latitude-mean temperature graph fairly represents the temperature of the earth as the sea surface is not much affected by weather conditions. On the other hand, land stations will be subjected to violent fluctuations in the weather like extreme summers and winters, especially if the stations are much above the sea level.
The land mass contains lakes, surface soil water, water chambers, sub-terrainian water channels etc. which retain considerable quantity of water. Because of the peculiar structure of the H20 molecule, heat is retained in water for a longer period than other materials. This is the reason why summer extends much beyond the date 21st June in the northern hemisphere. In the absence of water on the earth the peak temperature will end on that day and we may experience pleasant weather by August. Similarly, but for snow and the water layers lying just below the surface of the earth, the winter will start waning right from 21st December.
In spite of these differences, data in respect of land stations, too, prove my contention that the globe is not warming!
When we look back
“It is an inquiry of some interest, whether the general temperature of the globe is stable, or is gradually undergoing change through diminution or addition. We have no means of deciding this point, because our thermometrical determinations are confined to a comparatively modern date. The instrument was not brought to perfection until the year 1724, by Fahrenheit, and therefore beyond that period we are dependent upon the recorded experience and sensations of observers, and upon the details of agricultural failure or success, for our knowledge of temperature in former times. We are not warranted to infer from these casual notices any changes of physical climate generally within the era of authentic history, though in particular localities, there is strong reason to suppose that an alteration has taken place; but this has been the very reverse of an impressions that once prevailed respecting it. The existence of a colony on the east coast of Greenland cut off from communication with the external world, and destroyed by the gradual accumulation of the ice upon its shores –the fact of immense forests anciently clothing the highest parts of Britain, and other northern countries, where a tree now can scarcely be made to grow –of the period of the vintage formerly commencing several weeks earlier in France than at present-of vineyards having been planted in the south of England during the time that the Romans held possession of the island, where hops can only be raised with difficulty- and of the sides of the Scottish hills bearing evident traces of the plough, which have long been surrendered to the heaths as incapable of cultivation;-these circumstances have been appealed to, as evidence of a milder and more genial climate having once characterized the northern regions of Europe. Sir John Leslie has remarked upon these details, “that a patch of wood will not thrive in cold situations, merely for want of the shelter which is afforded by extensive plantations. In Sweden and Norway, which are mostly covered with natural forests, it has become an object of police to prevent their indiscriminate destruction. The timber in those sylvan countries is cut at stated periods of its growth, and in detached portions; the vacant spaces being left as nurseries, embosomed amidst an expanse of tall trees. Some places in Sweden, where the forests have been accidentally destroyed by fire, present the image of sterility, and of wide desolation. It is probable, the vines grown in ancient times were coarser and hardier plants than those which are now cultivated. A similar observation extends to all the productions of gardening. A succession of diligent culture softens the character of the vegetable tribes, and renders them more delicate, while it heightens the flavor of their fruits. The Roman soldiers stationed in Britain would naturally prefer wine, their accustomed beverage, however harsh and poor, to the cervisia, or unpalatable ale brewed by the rude arts of the natives. The marks of tillage left on our northern hills evince only the wretched state of agriculture at a remote period. For want of a proper system of rotation, and the due application of manure, the starving tenantry were then tempted to tear up with the plough every virgin spot they could find, and after extracting from it a pitiful crop or two of oats, to abandon it to a lasting sterility”. With reference to the colony supposed to have been planted on the east coast of Greenland, now an uninhabitable region of glaciers, there is reason to believe that its name, Oestre Bydg, the eastern settlement, simply refers to its position in relation to another settlement, both of which were on the western coast, now occupied by the Danish factories. From the name of Snowland, afterwards supplanted by that of Iceland, given by the roving pirates of the Baltic to that island upon its discovery in the ninth century, it may certainly be concluded that the climate of the north was then analogous to what it is at present.
A different opinion, that the climate of the midland part of the temperate zone, especially in Europe, is less rigorous now than it was sixteen or seventeen centuries ago, appears to be supported by sufficient evidence. After making allowances for inaccuracy and exaggeration in the statements of the classical writers, they will still be found descriptive of a cold in various districts, as a feature of the ordinary temperature, which is not realized at present. The epistles written by Ovid from Pontus, whither he was banished by order of Augustus, describe the rigour of the climate there, in terms which suit the winder of Hudson’s Bay. He mentions, among other instances of the extreme cold, The Euxine Sea being frozen over, so as to bear men and cattle upon it. Tertullian, one of the Christian fathers in the second century, writing in the style of the fierce zealot and florid rhetorician, against the herectic Marcion, thus refers to the same region:- “That tract, which is called the Pontus Euxinus, the hospitable sea, has been refused all favours, and is mocked by its very name. The day is never open, the sun never shines willingly, there is but one atmosphere- fog; the whole year is wintry; every wind that blows comes from the north; liquors are only such before the fire; the rivers are blocked up with ice, the mountains are heaped higher with snow; all things are benumbed, all things are stiff with cold, nothing but cruelty has there the warmth of life; that kind of cruelty, I mean, which has supplied the stage with fables concerning the sacrifices of the Tauri, and the loves of Colchis, and the tortures of Caucasus. But there is nothing so barbarous and miserable in Pontus, as that it has given birth to Maricion; he is more savage than a Scythian, more unstable than the wild inhabitants of a wagon, more inhuman than the Massageta, more audacious than the Amazon, darker than the mist, colder than the winter, more brittle than the ice, more treacherous than the Danube, more precipitous than Caucasus”. Virgil refers to the winter on the banks of the Ister of the Greeks, the modern Danube, in the third Georgic, in a manner which at present is inapplicable to any part of its course:-
“ The sun from far peeps with a sickly face,
Too weak, the clouds and mighty fogs to chase,
When up the skies he shoots his rosy head,
Or in the ruddy ocean seeks his bed.
Swift rivers are with sudden ice constrain’d
And studded wheels are on its back sustain’d;
A hostry now for wagons, which before
Tall ships of burden on its bosom bore,
The brazen cauldrons with the frost are flaw’d.
The garment, stiff with ice, at hearths is thaw’d.
With axes first they cleave the wine; and thence
By weight, the solid portions they dispense.
From locks uncomb’d, and from the frozen beard,
Long icicles depend, and crackling sounds are heard.
Meantime perpetual sleet, and driving snow,
Obscure the skies, and hang on heards below.
The starving cattle perish in their stalls;
Huge oxen stand enclos’d in wintry walls
Of snow congeal’d; Whole heards are buried there
Of mighty stags, and scarce their horns appear.
The dexterous huntsman wounds not these afar
With shafts or darts, or makes a distant war
With dogs, or pitches toils to stop their flight,
But close engages in unequal fight;
And, while they strive in vain to make their way
Through hills of snow, and pitifully bray,
Assaults with dint of sword, or pointed spears,
And homeward on his back the joyful burden bears.
The men to subterranean caves retire,
Secure from cold, and crowd the cheerful fire:
With trunks of elms and oaks the hearth they load,
Nor tempt th’ inclemency of heaven abroad.”
The allusions to the climate of Itay in the Georgics, referring to the Augustan age, are in several respects irreconcilable with its present character. The writer speaks of the freezing of the rivers in the southern part of the peninsula as an ordinary occurrence, and gives frequent directions for the protection of sheep and goats from snow and frost, as if addressing a shepherd of the plains of Holstein or the highlands of Scotland. It is a well-attested fact, that the savage inhabitants of Gaul and Germany usually selected the winter-season for their warlike incursions into the Roman provinces, on account of the facility afforded by the ice for the transport of their armies, horses and baggage, across the grate rivers, which have never been frozen in modern times as to admit of such an occurrence. In the time of Ceasar, also, the rein-deer, now confined to the colder regions north of the Baltic, was found, along with the elk and the wild bull, in the Hercynian forest, which then over-shadowed a grate part of Germany and Poland. A volume published at Vienna in 1788, contains some remarkable passages concerning the state of the weather for more than a thousand years back, gathered from the old chronicles, which detail the state of the harvest, the quality of the vintage, or the endurance of frost and snow in the winter. From this work, Sir John Leslie, in an article furnished to one of the public journals, quoted the following record of excessive winters and summers, to which some additions have been made.”
NOTES:
1. All quotations are from the phenomenan known as Rev Thomas Milner M.A’s Physical Geography, published in Delhi in 1975. I could not find any other details about his life.
2. The concluding para is yet to be drafted. I am waiting for data.
3. This is only a draft. Suggestions are welcome.
K.K.Subramanian
2-G, Deepa Apts.
Plot No 10 I.P.Extension
Delhi 110 092
k.k.subramanian — Why the FUCK don’t you get a blog like all other proper fucking kooks?
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Yeah, a blog is easy, kks.
But changing a litterbox every 3 hours is a freakin’ pain in the ass!
Let me post something funny:
“In Basel, as late as the 15th century,a cock was solemnly tried for witchcraft after laying an egg.The defence admitted the offence,but pointed out that the laying of the egg was unpremeditated and involuntary and,in fact, violated no law. But the pro-
secution asserted that the cock had been entered by the devil.They secured a conviction : and the cock and its egg were solemnly burnt at the stake Post-mortem examination showed that it contained no fewer than three more unlaid cock’s eggs.The partial change from male to female probably occurs no more frequently in birds than in other groups.
A hen that crows,
A priest that dances,
A woman that speaks Latin,
Never come to a beautiful end ” Page645,Textbook of zoology vol 2 by T.Jeffery Parker
Which category do you place me ?
Which category do you place me ?
Run-of-the-mill netkook, who uses others’ forums to post manifestos.
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